In a previous article, I provided an overview of international trade between the Canadian territories (Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut) and the Arctic states for year-end 2016. This article focuses on the categories of exported goods from the three territories to the United States, the world and the European Arctic. More specifically, this article provides a better understanding of Canada’s Northern exports outside of the resource industry and addresses some challenges and opportunities for territorial exports. This kind of analysis is pertinent because the new Arctic Policy Framework Discussion Guide proposes diversifying the regional economy (INAC, 2017), and it will be important to know the export strengths of the three territories.
The sections (categories) of traded/exported goods discussed in this article are determined by the World Customs Organization’s (WCO) Harmonized System 2017 that Canada and the other Arctic states use for organisational and comparison purposes (Statistics Canada, 2018, May 30; WCO, 2017, Sept. 21). A complete list of the 21 sections and details on the types of goods found in each section can be found here.
Table 1 provides the actual dollar amount of goods the three territories exported to the United States and the world in 2017, and Table 2 does the same for the European Arctic states. In comparing the different markets, three observations emerge.
First, as a whole, the territories export goods found within 17 sections to the United States and 19 sections to the world, as shown in Table 1. In comparison, the three territories combined only exports goods from 8 of the 21 sections to the European Arctic (Table 2). This indicates that the European Arctic market is not very diverse in relation to the capabilities of the Canada’s Northern economy as a whole.
Second, Nunavut has the potential to be a key regional exporter for Canada both globally and with the European Arctic states. For example, Table 1 shows that Nunavut exports goods from 19 sections to the world, with Yukon coming in a close second with exports in 18 sections, and the NWT with exports in 14 sections. Nunavut also exports the most diverse range of goods to the European Arctic (7 sections) in comparison to Yukon (3 sections) and the NWT (2 sections) as shown in Table 2. However, when it comes to trade with the US, Nunavut trails with only 8 sections, whereas Yukon leads with 16 sections, followed by the NWT with 9 sections (Table 1). Although Nunavut only leads the territories in terms of the value of the exported goods in the European Arctic, their export record in 2017 is impressive considering Nunavut’s challenges with transportation and communications infrastructure that would be needed to ship goods in comparison to Yukon and even the NWT (see: National Aboriginal Economic Development Board, 2016).
Third, while minerals and metals from the mining industry are exported to the United States and the world in general (sections V, XIV, XV) (see Table 1), these goods were not exported to the European Arctic states in 2017 (Table 2). As such, the total dollar value of the goods exported by the territories to these locations has a significantly lower dollar value in comparison to goods exported to the United States and the world. Understanding these differences is important for tapping into the potential of the European Arctic market and the resources that will be needed to increase the territories’ capacity to export their goods.
| US (incl. Alaska) | World (incl. European Arctic States) | ||||||||
| YK | NWT | NU | Total | YK | NWT | NU | Total | ||
| I - Live animals and animal products. | 52009 | - | 87106 | 139115 | 174286 | 341165 | 575390 | 1090841 | |
| II - Vegetable products | - | - | - | - | 274288 | - | 17402 | 291690 | |
| III - Animal or vegetable fats and oils and their cleavage products; prepared edible fats; animal or vegetable waxes. | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| IV - Prepared foodstuffs; beverages, spirits and vinegar; tobacco and manufactures tobacco substitutes. | 34301 | - | 8016 | 42317 | 34301 | 5802 | 130333 | 170436 | |
| V - Mineral products | 97315937 | - | - | 97315937 | 97315937 | 1500 | 418 | 97317855 | |
| VI - Products of the chemical or allied industries. | 2929 | - | 23745 | 26674 | 3559 | 0 | 426776 | 430335 | |
| VII - Plastics and articles thereof; rubber and articles thereof. | 1263712 | - | - | 1263712 | 1263712 | 539 | 330167 | 1594418 | |
| VIII - Raw hides and skins, leather, furskins and articles thereof; saddlery and harness; travel goods, handbags and similar containers; articles of animal gut (other than silk-worm gut). | 80760 | - | - | 80760 | 134359 | 42547 | 173690 | 350596 | |
| IX - Wood and articles of wood; wood charcoal; cork and articles of cork; manufactures of straw, of esparto or of other plaiting materials; basketware and wickerwork. | 272339 | - | - | 272339 | 272339 | - | 2687 | 275026 | |
| X - Pulp of wood or of other fibrous cellulosic material; recovered (waste and scrap) paper or paperboard. | - | 8922 | - | 8922 | - | 8986 | 42827 | 51813 | |
| XI - Textiles and Textile Articles | 1170 | 73394 | - | 74564 | 20948 | 75951 | 17420 | 114319 | |
| XII - Footwear, headgear, umbrellas, sun umbrellas, walking-sticks, seat-sticks, whips, riding-crops and parts thereof; prepared feathers and articles made therewith; artificial flowers; articles of human hair. | 500 | - | - | 500 | 500 | - | 4612 | 5112 | |
| XIII - Articles of stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, mica or similar materials; ceramic products; glass and glassware. | - | - | - | - | 849 | - | 22124 | 22973 | |
| XIV - Natural or cultured pearls, precious or semi-precious stones, precious metals, metals clad with precious metal and articles thereof; imitation jewellery; coin. | 1903897 | 5058116 | - | 6962013 | 1929537 | 2024486837 | 319502278 | 2345918652 | |
| XV - Base metals and articles of base metal | 83041 | 180919 | 20929 | 284889 | 4144910 | 718510 | 372062 | 5235482 | |
| XVI - Machinery and mechanical appliances; electrical equipment; parts thereof; sound recorders and reproducers, television image and sound recorders and reproducers, and parts and accessories of such articles. | 601009 | 81109 | 7521 | 689639 | 706235 | 252998 | 3041547 | 4000780 | |
| XVII - Vehicles, aircraft, vessels and associated transport equipment. | 134529 | 58246 | - | 192775 | 169229 | 63246 | 625936 | 858411 | |
| XVIII - Optical, photographic, cinematographic, measuring, checking, precision, medical or surgical instruments and apparatus; clocks and watches; musical instruments; parts and accessories thereof. | 1220713 | 29822 | 740734 | 1991269 | 1264034 | 48633 | 1137181 | 2449848 | |
| XIX - Arms and ammunition; parts and accessories thereof. | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| XX - Miscellaneous manufactured articles | 22594 | 7813 | 13534 | 43941 | 22594 | 7813 | 213804 | 244211 | |
| XXI - Works of art, collectors' pieces and antiques. | 166669 | 274193 | 263334 | 704196 | 393219 | 659213 | 695723 | 1748155 | |
| Total | 103156109 | 5772534 | 1164919 | 110093562 | 108124836 | 2026713740 | 327332377 | 2462170953 | |
| Yukon | Northwest Territories | Nunavut | |||||||||||||||
| NO | SE | RU | Total | NO | SE | FI | Total | GL | IS | NO | SE | FI | RU | Total | |||
| VIII - Raw hides and skins, leather, furskins and articles thereof; saddlery and harness; travel goods, handbags and similar containers; articles of animal gut (other than silk-worm gut). | 1303 | 200 | 1925 | 3428 | - | 1725 | - | 1725 | - | - | 750 | - | 5042 | - | 5792 | ||
| XI - Textiles and Textile Articles | 12825 | - | - | 12825 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| XII - Footwear, headgear, umbrellas, sun umbrellas, walking-sticks, seat-sticks, whips, riding-crops and parts thereof; prepared feathers and articles made therewith; artificial flowers; articles of human hair. | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 3173 | - | - | - | - | - | 3173 | ||
| XIII - Articles of stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, mica or similar materials; ceramic products; glass and glassware. | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 12058 | - | - | 12058 | ||
| XVI - Machinery and mechanical appliances; | - | - | - | - | 425 | - | 10610 | 11035 | - | 25057 | - | 154286 | - | 214845 | 394188 | ||
| XVII - Vehicles, aircraft, vessels and associated transport equipment. | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2231 | - | 863 | 3094 | ||
| XVIII - Optical, photographic, cinematographic, measuring, checking, precision, medical or surgical instruments and apparatus; clocks and watches; musical instruments; parts and accessories thereof. | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 691 | - | - | - | 691 | ||
| XXI - Works of art, collectors' pieces and antiques. | 2300 | 350 | 2350 | 5000 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 17500 | - | 3600 | - | 21100 | ||
| Total | 16428 | 550 | 4275 | 21253 | 425 | 1725 | 10610 | 12760 | 3173 | 25057 | 18941 | 168575 | 8642 | 215708 | 440096 | ||
For a more detailed discussion on trade in the Canadian North, particularly with small and medium sized enterprises (SMES), see The Gordon Foundation’s background research for the 2018 Northern Policy Hackathon.
The federal government indicated in the new Arctic Policy Framework Discussion Guide (INAC, 2017) that economic diversification is a priority and that new “trade and investment opportunities across the Arctic and with southern markets” (p.15) is one of the desired outcomes. Following through on this statement would certainly help strengthen the territories trade with the European Arctic and increase the dollar value of exports that fall outside of the extractive resource industry. There are, however, different issues that must first be considered.
Access to broadband facilitates trade relations. A World Bank report found that “A 10 percent increase in the exporter’s Internet adoption leads to a 1.9 percent increase in bilateral exports, while a 10 percent increase in the importer’s Internet adoption leads to a 0.6 percent increase in bilateral exports” (Osnago & Tan, 2016, p. 2). This means that Canada’s Northern exporters will benefit more from increased broadband access in Canada than their trading partners. The report also found that with bilateral trade, “countries with both high levels of Internet adoption have 29.6 percent more bilateral exports, 21.7 percent higher intensive margins and 6.5 percent higher extensive margins” (Osnago & Tan, 2016, p. 2). Clearly, increased broadband across the region would substantially improve Northern economies, and the Arctic Economic Council (AEC) has made recommendations to improve broadband access across the Arctic in general.
Problematically for Canada’s Northern businesses, there is uneven access to broadband across the three territories, and where it is available, it is more expensive and slower than in the rest of Canada (Windeyer, 2016, April 22). Moreover, the territories are lagging in comparison to their European Arctic partners (see: AEC, 2016). This means that the full potential of these businesses to export is not being reached.
The Canadian government has announced that “All 25 communities in Nunavut will have faster internet by 2019, after a new satellite to be launched next year gives the territory access to a different frequency with more capacity” (Frizzell, 2017; Sept, 14, para. 1). While this is a step in the right direction, broadband via cable or fiber is faster and more reliable (see: Adamson-Pickett, 2018, March 13). This technology, however, can be cost prohibitive because fiber would cost about $1B (CAD) to install, just in Nunavut alone (Oudshoorn, 2016, Jan. 20). As such, Northern businesses will likely remain at a digital disadvantage. Telecommunications must become more accessible for Northern businesses to expand their overseas customer base.
My previous article stated that inadequate transportation infrastructure poses a problem for exporting. Since then, the federal government has announced infrastructure projects in the three territories that will “address the unique transportation needs in Canada’s territorial North to improve safety and foster economic and social development” (Government of Canada, 2018, July 19, para 1) as part of the National Trade Corridors Fund.
Yukon is set to receive funding for technology projects that that will provide businesses with “the data and information they need to make safe and efficient decisions” (Government of Canada, 2018, May 18, para. 2) when moving goods by road. For the Northwest Territories, funding will be provided for improvements to the Mackenzie Valley Highway (Government of Canada, 2018, June 27). As for Nunavut, funding has been awarded for some airports to receive energy-efficient upgrades, while the Iqaluit airport will receive a new warehouse that can provide better storage conditions for a range of goods (Government of Canada, 2018, May 16). Other projects for road and marine infrastructure were rejected (see: CBC News, 2018, May 10).
While these investments will help the movement of goods out of the North, continued support for port development in Iqaluit cannot be overlooked, especially as the majority of Canada’s Northern exports to the European Arctic originate in this territory. Indeed, “Nunavut stands to benefit significantly from preferential access to the EU market” (Government of Canada, 2017, March 30) with the implementation of the Canada-European Union: Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA). Economic infrastructure investments should prioritize this opportunity, especially as Arctic waters are becoming more accessible.
In 2018, the Canadian government imposed its own tariff on American steel and aluminum (and a number of other goods) as a response to American tariffs on Canadian steel and aluminum (see: Department of Finance Canada, 2018, May 31). The tariffs on American metals have the potential to affect Northern exports, especially as the largest export sector for both Nunavut and the Northwest Territories to the European Arctic are from section XVI, which includes ‘Machinery and mechanical appliances’ (see Table 2). If Northern businesses in this sector source their aluminum and steel from the United States, they are likely to account for the tariffs in the cost of their products. This means that for as long as these tariffs are in place, European Arctic importers may look elsewhere for less expensive goods, possibly affecting the long-term potential for the Northwest Territories and Nunavut to develop and expand their export capabilities. There are also concerns at the pan-Arctic level that this trade dispute will negatively affect regional trade more broadly (Eilertsen, 2018, June 4). Unfortunately for Northern businesses, they are at the mercy of politicians when it comes to these matters.
Despite this, there are some opportunities for Canada’s Northern businesses. Internet and infrastructure are two of the Arctic Economic Council’s priority areas and the subject matter of two of their working groups (see: AEC, n.d.a). Canada’s Northern businesses have the opportunity learn from other Arctic businesses and through regional best practices (AEC, n.d.b.). This can be particularly useful as businesses in the territories are waiting for regional transportation and communication infrastructure to be developed. The AEC can also be a venue for regional business stakeholders to engage with politicians and policy makers in terms of regional development requirements, and also as a venue to collectively speak out against the harmful nature of tariffs, especially on smaller businesses.
This article provided an overview of the types of goods that the three territories export to the United States, the European Arctic and the world. What emerges from this information is the potential of Nunavut businesses to become stronger regional exporters. They already have the most diverse range of goods that are exported to the EU, which will likely increase in time with CETA. Efforts are being made to improve internet access in the territory, which can improve the capacity of these businesses to export their products. Moreover, the capacity of Nunavut’s businesses to export their goods to the European Arctic will also likely increase once the Iqaluit port is complete.
At the same time, this is just a snapshot of what the Northern export economy looks like at a certain point in time. There are yearly variances that are affected by larger political and economic forces, meaning that a multi-year analysis is needed to show long-term trends that can be used for both business and policy decision making.